History:
Timeline for the History of Judaism
History: Table of Contents | Ancient Jewish History | Modern Jewish History
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Note: Dates regarding biblical figures & events cannot be confirmed
Dawn of History
(3800-2001 BCE)
The beginning date of the Hebrew calendar, according to scholar Rabbi Yossi ben Halafta, a 2nd century Rabbi. Adam & Eve created (Year 1 of Jewish calendar). Seth born Enosh born Chalcolithic Period, first settlement Kenan born Mehalalel born Yered born First confirmed settlement of Gaza at Tell as-Sakan Enoch born Methusaleh born Lemech born Adam dies Early Dynastic period (Akkad) Noah born Old Kingdom period (Egypt) Ebla flourishes First houses built in Jerusalem Priestess Enheduanna, first known author in the world Shem born The Flood Middle Kingdom period (Egypt)
Ancient Israelite Religion
(2000-587 BCE)
2000-1750 Old Babylonian period 2000-1700 Israel's Patriarchal period ca. 1900-1400 Old Assyrian period 1882 Terach born 1813 Abraham born ca. 1850/1750/1700 Abraham & Sarah, Isaac & Ishmael, famine forces Israelites to migrate to Egypt 1800 First Jerusalem city wall built ca. 1792-1750 Hammurabi ca. 1750-1200 Hittite empire 1765 The Tower of Babel 1743 Origin of traditions of the "Abrahamic covenant" 1713 Isaac born; Abraham circumcise s himself; Sodom & Gomorrah destroyed ca. 1700-1550 Hyksos in Egypt 1677 Isaac prepared as sacrifice; Sarah dies 1653 Jacob born 1638 Abraham dies ca. 1600-1150 Kassite period (Babylonia) 1590 Isaac blesses Jacob instead of Esau. ca. 1570-1085 New Kingdom period (Egypt) 1569 Jacob marries Leah 1565 Levi born 1562 Joseph born 1546 Joseph sold into slavery 1533 Isaac dies 1532 Joseph becomes viceroy of Egypt 1523 Jacob and his family join Joseph in Egypt ca. 1500-1200 Ugaritic texts 1452 Joseph dies 1429 Egyptian enslavement of the Hebrews begins ca. 1400-900 Middle Assyrian period ca. 1400-1300 Amarna period (Egypt) 1393 Moses born. 1355 Joshua born. 1314 Moses sees the burning bush. ca. 1300-1200 Mosaic period (Israel) 1280 Exodus from Egypt, Sinai Torah, Canaan Entry 1240 After setting up the Ark at Shiloh near Shechem (Nablus), Joshua launches foray into Jerusalem (Joshua 10:23, 15:63) ca. 1200 Sea Peoples invade Egypt and Syro-Palestine ca. 1200-1050/1000 Period of the Judges (Israel) ca. 1200-1000 Jerusalem is a Canaanite city ca. 1150-900 Middle Babylonian period: ca. 1106 Deborah judges Israel. ca. 1100 The Philistines take over Gaza. They called it Philistia (from which the modern name Palestine is derived), and made it one of their civilization's most important cities. ca. 1050-450 Hebrew prophets (Samuel- Malachi) ca. 1000-587 Monarchical period in Israel ca. 1030-1010 Saul (transitional king) ca. 1010-970 David conquers the Jebusites and makes Jerusalem his capital ca. 970-931 Solomon builds the First Temple on Mount Moriah ca. 931 Secession of Northern Kingdom (Israel) from Southern Kingdom (Judah) 931-913 Rehoboam rules Judah 931-910 Jeroboam I rules Israel, choses Shechem as his first capital, later moves it to Tirzah 913-911 Abijah rules Judah 911-870 Asa rules Juda 910-909 Nadab (son of Jeroboam) rules Israel 909-886 Baasha kills Nadab and rules Israel 900-612 Neo-Assyrian period 886-885 Elah, son of Baasha, rules Israel 885 Zimri kills Elah, but reigns just seven days before committing suicide, Omri chosen as King of Israel 885-880(?) War between Omri and Tibni 885-874 Omri kills Tibni, rules Israel 879 Omri moves capital of Israel from Tirzah to Samaria 874-853 Ahab, Omri's son, is killed in battle, Jezebel reigns as Queen. Athaliah, Ahab and Jezebel's daughter, marries Jehoram, crown prince of Judah 870-848 Jehoshapha rules Judah 853-851 Ahaziah, son of Ahab, rules Israel, dies in accident 750-725 Israelite Prophets Amos, Hosea, Isaiah 722/721 Northern Kingdom (Israel) destroyed by Assyrians; 10 tribesexiled (10 lost tribes) 720 Ahaz, King of Judah dismantles Solomon's bronze vessels and places a private Syrian altar in the Temple 716 Hezekiah, King of Jerusalem, with help of God and the prophetIsaiah resists Assyrian attempt to capture Jerusalem (2 Chronicles 32). Wells and springs leading to the city are stopped 701 Assyrian ruler Sennacherib beseiges Jerusalem 612-538 Neo-Babylonian (“Chaldean”) period 620 Josiah (Judean King) and “Deuteronomic Reforms” ca. 600-580 Judean Prophets Jeremiah and Ezekiel 587/586 Southern Kingdom (Judah) and First Temple destroyed-Babylonian exile ca. 550 Judean Prophet “Second Isaiah” 541 First Jews return from Babylon in small numbers to rebuild the city and its walls. Seventy years of exile terminated. (Daniel 9,Haggai 2:18-19) 539 Persian ruler Cyrus the Great conquers Babylonian Empire
After the Babylonian Exile
(538 BCE-70 CE)
538-333 B.C.E. Persian Period. 538 B.C.E. Edict of Cyrus (first return from Exile). 520-515 B.C.E. Jerusalem ("Second") Temple rebuilt. 520 B.C.E. Judean Prophet Haggai. 500 B.C.E. The notion of a Messiah, a political/military-religious/ moral leader, develops. 450-400 B.C.E. Reformation led by Ezra and Nehemiah. ca. 450 B.C.E. Torah (Pentateuch = first division of Jewish Scriptures) begins to gain recognition as Scripture. 438 B.C.E. Achashverosh becomes king of Persia. 426 B.C.E. First decrees by Haman; fast ordered by Esther, Haman's downfall and execution. 425 B.C.E. Haman's ten sons executed; Purim celebration. 424 B.C.E. Megillah recorded. 411 B.C.E. Bagoas, a Persian, is made governor of Jerusalem. 333-63 B.C.E. Hellenistic (Greek) period. 333/331 B.C.E. Alexander the Great conquers the Land of Israel. ca. 320-168 B.C.E. Judaism under Greek Ptolemies & Seleucids. ca. 250 B.C.E. "Septuagint" translation of Torah into Greek. ca. 230-146 B.C.E. Coming of Rome to the east Mediterranean. ca. 201 B.C.E. Prophets (second division of Jewish Scriptures) recognized by some as Scripture ca. 200 B.C.E.-135 C.E. Jewish Qumran community. 175 B.C.E. Selicid, king of Syria, plunders Jerusalem, murdering many. 166-160 B.C.E. Jewish Maccabean revolt against restrictions on practice ofJudaism and desecration of the Temple. 142-129 B.C.E. Jewish autonomy under Hasmoneans. 63 B.C.E. Rome (Pompey) annexes the land of Israel. 66-73 C.E. First Jewish Revolt against Rome. 69 C.E. Vespasian gives Yochanan ben Zakkai permission to establish a Jewish center for study at Yavneh that will become the hub for rabbinic Judaism. 70 C.E. Destruction of Jerusalem and the second Temple.
Rule of Rome
(230 BCE-400 CE)
ca. 230-146 B.C.E. Coming of Rome to the east Mediterranean. 142-129 B.C.E. Jewish autonomy under Hasmoneans. 63 B.C.E. Rome (Pompey) annexes the land of Israel. 37-4 B.C.E. Herod the Great (Jewish Roman ruler of the land of Israel). 34 B.C.E. Mark Antony deeds the city of Gaza to his lover, Queen Cleopatra. 37 B.C.E. Herod captures Jerusalem, has Antigonus II executed, and marries the Hasmonean princess Mariamne I. 20 B.C.E. Herod creates Temple Mount and begins to rebuild the Temple inJerusalem. Project continues until 72 C.E.. ca. 4 B.C.E.-ca. 30 C.E. Joshua/Jesus “the Christ.” MODERN ERA
Hillel & Shammai (Jewish sages). 6 C.E. Rome establishes direct rule of prefects in Judea. ca. 13 B.C.E.- 41 C.E. Philo Judaeus of Alexandria. ca. 30 C.E. Jesus is crucified. 36-64 C.E. Paul “the apostle” (Jewish “Christian”). ca. 37-100 C.E. Josephus (Jewish leader, historian). ca. 40 C.E. Gamliel/Gamaliel I (Jewish leader-scholar). ca. 50-125 C.E. Christian Testament (NT) writings. 66-73 C.E. First Jewish Revolt against Rome. 69 C.E. Vespasian gives Yochanan ben Zakkai permission to establish a Jewish center for study at Yavneh that will become the hub for rabbinic Judaism. 70 Destruction of Jerusalem and the second Temple. 73 Last stand of Jews at Masada. ca. 90-100 Gamaliel II excludes sectarians (including Christians) from thesynagogues. ca. 90-150 Writings (third and last division of Jewish Scriptures) discussed and accepted as sacred scripture. 114-117 Jewish Revolts against Rome in Cyprus, Egypt and Cyrene. The Great Synagogue and the Great Library in Alexandria are destroyed as well as the entire Jeiwsh community of Cyprus. Afterwards, Jews were forbidden on Cyprus. 120-135 Rabbi Akiva active in consolidating Rabbinic Judaism. 132-135 Bar Kokhba rebellion (Second Jewish Revolt). Roman forces kill an estimated half a million Jews and destroy 985 villages and 50 fortresses. 136 Hadrian renames Jerusalem Aelia Capatolina and builds a Pagan temple over the the site of the Second Temple. He also forbids Jews to dwell there. Judea (the southern portion of what is now called the West Bank) was renamed Palaestina in an attempt to minimize Jewish identification with the land of Israel. 138-161 Antoninus Pius, Hadrian's sucessor, repeals many of the previously instituted harsh policies towards Jews. 193-211 Roman emperor Lucious Septimus Severus treats Jews relatively well, allowing them to participate in public offices and be exempt from formalities contrary to Judaism. However, he did not allow the Jews to convert anyone ca. 200 Mishnah (Jewish oral law) compiled/edited under Judah the Prince. 200-254 Origen (Christian scholar, biblical interpreter). 203 Because of his health, Judah HaNasi relocates the center of Jewish learning from Beth Shearim to Sepphoris. 212 Roman Emperor Caracalla allows free Jews within the empire to become full Roman citizens. 220 Babylonian Jewish Academy founded at Sura by Rab. 220-470 222-235 240-276 Rise of Mani/Manichaean World Religion synthesis. ca. 250 Babylonian Jews flourish (as does Manichaeism) under Persian King Shapur I 250-330 Early development of Christian monasticism in Egypt. 263-339 Eusebius (Christian author, historian) 303 Violent persecution of Christians by Emperor Diocletian. To 311 Sporadic persecution of Christianity by Rome. 306 One of the first Christian councils, the Council of Elvira, forbids intermarriage and social interaction with Jews 312/313 Emperor Constantine embraces Christianity, announces Edict of Toleration 315 Code of Constantine limits rights of non-Christians, is Constantine's first anti-Jewish act. 368 Jerusalem Talmud compiled.
Rabbinic Period of Talmud Development
(70 BCE-500 CE)
66-73 First Jewish Revolt against Rome. 69 Vespasian gives Yochanan ben Zakkai permission to establish a Jewish center for study at Yavneh that will become the hub for rabbinic Judaism. 70 Destruction of Jerusalem and the second Temple, 73 Last stand of Jews at Masada. ca. 90-100 Gamaliel II excludes sectarians (including Christians) from thesynagogues. ca. 90-150 Writings (third and last division of Jewish Scriptures) discussed and accepted as sacred scripture. 114-117 Jewish Revolts against Rome in Cyprus, Egypt and Cyrene. The Great Synagogue and the Great Library in Alexandria are destroyed as well as the entire Jeiwsh community of Cyprus. Afterwards, Jews were forbidden on Cyprus. 120-135 Rabbi Akiva active in consolidating Rabbinic Judaism. 132-135 Bar Kokhba rebellion (Second Jewish Revolt). Roman forces kill an estimated half a million Jews and destroy 985 villages and 50 fortresses. 136 Hadrian renames Jerusalem Aelia Capatolina and builds a Pagan temple over the the site of the Second Temple. He also forbids Jews to dwell there. Judea (the southern portion of what is now called the West Bank) was renamed Palaestina in an attempt to minimize Jewish identification with the land of Israel. 138-161 Antoninus Pius, Hadrian's sucessor, repeals many of the previously instituted harsh policies towards Jews. 193-211 Roman emperor Lucious Septimus Severus treats Jews relatively well, allowing them to participate in public offices and be exempt from formalities contrary to Judaism. However, he did not allow the Jews to convert anyone ca. 200 Mishnah (Jewish oral law) compiled/edited under Judah the Prince. 203 Because of his health, Judah HaNasi relocates the center of Jewish learning from Beth Shearim to Sepphoris. 212 Roman Emperor Caracalla allows free Jews within the empire to become full Roman citizens. 220 Babylonian Jewish Academy founded at Sura by Rab. 220-470 222-235 Emperor Alexander Severus allowed for a revival of Jewish rights, including permission to visit Jerusalem. ca. 250 Babylonian Jews flourish (as does Manichaeism) under Persian King Shapur I. 306 One of the first Christian councils, the Council of Elvira, forbids intermarriage and social interaction with Jews. 315 Code of Constantine limits rights of non-Christians, is Constantine's first anti-Jewish act. 359 Hillel creates a new calendar based on the lunar year to replace the dispersed Sanhedrin, which previously announced the festivals. 368 Jerusalem Talmud compiled. 370-425 Hillel founds Beit Hillel, a school emphasizing tolerance and patience. Hillel, a descendant of King David, is one of the first scholars to devise rules to interpret the Torah. 410 Rome sacked by Visigoths. 425 Jewish office of Nasi/Prince abolished by Rome. 426 Babylonian Talmud compiled. 439 Theodosis enacts a code prohibiting Jews from holding important positions involving money. He also reenacts a law forbidding the building of new synagogues. 500
Consolidation & Dominance of Christianity
(325-590 CE)
325 Christian First Ecumenical Council, at Nicea (Asia Minor), changes the date of Easter from Passover and forbids Jews from owning Christian slaves or converting pagans to Judaism. 330 Jerusalem becomes part of Constantine's Byzantine Empire. ca. 325-420 Jerome (Christian author, translator). 339 Constantine forbids intermarriage with Jews and the circumcision of heathen or Christian slaves, declaring death as the punishment. 354-430 Augustine (Christian author in North Africa). 359 Hillel creates a new calendar based on the lunar year to replace the dispersed Sanhedrin, which previously announced the festivals. 368 Jerusalem Talmud compiled. 370-425 Hillel founds Beit Hillel, a school emphasizing tolerance and patience. Hillel, a descendant of King David, is one of the first scholars to devise rules to interpret the Torah. 380/391 Christianity becomes THE religion of Roman Empire. 401 Christianity takes root in Gaza thanks to Bishop Porphyry. 410 Rome sacked by Visigoths. 415 St. Cyril, the Bishop of Alexandria, champions violence against the city's Jews and incites the Greeks to kill or expel them. Some Jews return within a few years, but many return only after theMuslims conquer Egypt. 425 Jewish office of Nasi/Prince abolished by Rome. 426 Babylonian Talmud compiled. 439 Theodosis enacts a code prohibiting Jews from holding important positions involving money. He also reenacts a law forbidding the building of new synagogues. 451 Christian Ecumenical Council of Chalcedon. 500 After conquering Italy in 493, Ostrogoth king Theodoric issues an edict safeguarding the Jews and ensuring their right to determine civil disputes and freedom of worship. 501 An earthquake hits Israel, partially destroying Acre and incuring damage as far east as Jersusalem. 511 Rebellion leader Mar Zutra usurps power from Kobad the Zenduk, establishing an independant Jewish state in Babylon that would last for seven years, until Zutra's forces defeated Zutra's army, killing him and instituted a harsh policy toward the remaining Jews. 516 Southern Arabian king Ohu Nuwas adopts Judaism, possibly as a rampart against the spread of Christianity. King Eleboas of Abyssinia, with the help of Justin I, later defeated Nuwas. 519 After Ravenna residents burnt down local synagogues, Ostrogoth ruler Theodoric orders the Italian town to rebuild the synagogues at their own expense. 587 Recared of Spain adopts Catholicism, banning Jews from slave ownership, intermarriage and holding positions of authority. Recared also declares that children of mixed marriages be raised Christian. 570 Birth of Prophet Muhammad, Makkah. 590 Pope Gregory the Great formulates the official Papal policy towards Jews, objecting to forced baptism and tolerating them according to the previous council's regulations.
Development of Muhammad's Islamic Message
(570-1258 CE)
ca. 570-632 Muhammad ("the Prophet" of Islam). ca. 610 Prophetic call and start of Quranic revelations. 614 Persian invasion, Jews allowed to controll Jerusalem. 617 Persians change policy toward Jews, forbid them from living within three miles of Jerusalem. 622 The hijra (emigration) from Mecca to Medina. 624-627 Muhammad attacks Jewish Arabian tribes for refusing to convert to Islam. Eventually the Southern Arabian tribes are destroyed. 626 While proselytizing Arabia, Muhammad captures the Banu Kurara tribe and forces the group of about 600 to chose between conversion and death. After spending all night praying, all but three or four Banu Kurarans are beheaded. 627-629 Emperor Heraclius breaks his promise of protection to Jews, massacring any he found and forbidding them from entering Jerusalem. Hundreds of Jews were killed and thousands exhiled to Egypt, ending the Jewish towns in the Galilee and Judea. Heraclius' decree remained in effect until the Muslim conquest ofJerusalem. 630 Capitulation of Mecca, rededication of Kaba. 632 The Jewish tribe Kaibar defends itself against Muslim forces, negotiating a settlement in which half of their crops would go to Mohammed in exchange for peace. Other Jewish tribes, including Fadattr, Tedma and Magna reached similar deals. 590-604 Pope Gregory the Great. ca. 600-1300 Period of the Jewish Rabbinic Geonim. 632-661 Muhammad dies, creating the four "rightly guided caliphs" ofIslam. 634 Gaza becomes the first city in Palestine to be captured by Muslims. Many Christians and Jews remained despite the Muslim takeover. 637 Muslim forces capture Caesarea, forcing the city's estimated 100,000 Jews to follow the Pact of Omar, which meant they had to pray quietly, not build new synagogues and not prevent Jews from converting to Islam. The Jews were also forbidden from riding horses and holding judicial or civil posts, and were forced to wear a yellow patch for identification. 638 Caliph Umar conquers Jerusalem and Jews are permitted to return to the city under Islam. 661 Assassination of Ali (last of the four). 661-750 Umayyad Dynasty of Islam in Damascus (Syria). 669, 674 Muslim Attacks on Christian Constantinople. 680 Massacre of Ali's son Husayn and Shiites (Iraq). 685 Muslims extend Jerusalem and rebuild walls and roads. 692 Dome of the Rock built on site of First and Second Temples by Caliph Abd el-Malik. November 9, 694 The 17th Council of Toledo convenes, passing a wide-ranging array of restrictions on the local Jewish community. 711 Muslim Forces Attack Spain Successfully. 715 Al-Aqsa Mosque built, Jerusalem. 732 Islam repulsed at Tours (France), gateway to Europe. 750 Abbasid caliphate founded. ca. 760 Karaism founded (Jewish reaction to Rabbinic Judaism). 762 Baghdad founded by Abbasids. 767 Anan Ben David, organizer of the Karaite sect that only believed in the literal Biblical writings and not the Oral law. 742-814 Charlemagne, French Holy Roman Emperor, protected and helped develop Jewish culture in his kingdom, seeing Jews as an asset. 740-1259 Jewish Kingdom of Khazar lasts over 500 years, defending itself from the Muslims, Byzantines and Russians, finally subdued by Mongols under Genghis Khan. 750-1258 Abbasid Dynasty of Islam in Baghdad (Iraq)—the "golden age" of Islamic culture. ?-767 Abu Hanifa (Muslim theologian and jurist in Iraq). 710-795 Malik ibn Anas (jurist, collector of hadiths, Medina). 800 Caliph Harun al-Rashid rules in "1001 Nights" style. ca. 800-950 Mutazilite rationalism developed and debated. 807 Harun Al Rashid, Caliph of the Abbasids forces Baghdad Jews to wear a yellow badge and Christians to wear a blue badge. 825 Caliph Mamun sponsors translations of Greek learning into Arabic (Arabic science flourishes). 814-840 Charlemagne's son, Louis the Pius, who succeeded his father as king, expanded his father's positive policies towards the Jews, like changing "market day" from Saturday (Shabbat) to Sunday. 855 Ibn Hanbal (jurist, collector of hadiths, Baghdad). 868 Palestine annexed to Egypt. 870, 875 Bukhari and Muslim (collectors of hadiths). 874 Shiite "twelvers" arise. ?-935 Al-Ashari (ex-Mutazilite Muslim scholar). 882-942 Saadia Gaon (Rabbinic Jewish sage). 942 Office of the Exilarch was abolished after seven centuries, primarily because of dissention with the Muslims. David ben-Zaccai held the postion. 922 Execution of Hallaj, radical Persian Muslim mystic/sufi. ca. 950-1150 “Golden Age” in Spain (Islamic Umayyad dynasty). 969 Founding of Cairo (and soon thereafter Azhar University) by the Islamic Shiite Fatimid dynasty in Egypt. 969 Caliph al-Aziz defeated the Turkish princes at Ramleh, marking the beginning of Fatamid rule over Eretz-Israel. 972 Al-Azhar University Founded, Cairo. ca. 1000 Rabbi Gershon of Mainz, Germany, publishes a ban on bigamy. This marks the beginning of Ashkenazi (Franco-German) halachic creativity. 1001 Ibn al-Bawwab produces earliest exist Qur'an copy on paper, Baghdad. 990-1055 Diplomat and poet, as well as vizier to King Habus of Granadaand author of a Biblical Hebrew dictionary, Samuel Ibn Nagrela. 1008 Egyptian Caliph Hakkim, who claimed to be divine, pressured allnon-Muslims to convert and forced all Jews to wear a "golden calf" around their necks. 1009 Oldest existing text of full Hebrew Bible is written. 1016 Earthquake causes structrual damage on Temple Mount. 1021-1069 Messianic poet and philosopher, Solomon Ibn Gabirol. 1027 Samuel Hanagid becomes vizier of Granada. He is the first of the poets of the Golden Age of Spain, and symbolic of both the political power and literary creativity of Jews in Spain at the time. 1032 Rebel Abul Kamal Tumin conquered Fez and decimated the Jewish community, killing 6,000 Jews. 1066 Final split ("schism") between Latin (Roman) and Greek (Byzantine) Classical Christian Churches: 1053/54 William the Conqueror (Norman) takes England. 1056 Abraham Ibn Daud: On Saumuel Ha-Nagid, Vizier of Granada. 1040-1105 Rashi (Rabbi Solomon ben Isaac; Jewish sage): . 1058-1111 Ghazali (Persian Muslim scholar and mystic): . 1065-1173 Benjamin of Tudela, Jewish traveller and historian, who wrote a famous journal called Sefer Hamassa'ot (Book of Travels). 1070 Rashi, a French-Jewish thinker, completes his commentaries on most parts of the Bible. 1070-1139 Poet and philiospher Moses Ibn Ezra. 1071 Seljuk occupation of Jerusalem. 1099 First Crusade Begins rule in Jerusalem. 1100 The Crusaders seize Gaza from the Fatimid Caliphs, returning it to Christian rule. 1181 Philip expels Jews from France. 1187 Salah al-Din returns Jerusalem to Muslim rule. 1192 Philip expands his kingdom and allows Jews to return, for a fee and under strict conditions.
Medieval Period in the West
(600-1500 CE)
610 Visigothic ruler Sesbut prohibits Judaism after several anti-Jewish edicts are ignored. Exiled Jews return to Byzantine Spainunder Sesbut's successor, Swintilla. 614 Persian General Romizanes captures Jerusalem and allows Jews to run the city. At this time, aproximately 150,000 Jews are living in 43 settlements in Eretz-Israel. 617 The Persians renege on their promises and forbid Jews to settle within a three mile radius of Jerusalem. 638 Although Chintilla decrees that only Catholics are permitted to live in Visogoth Spain, many Jews continue to live there. 638 Islamic conquest of Jerusalem. 682 Visigoth King Erwig continues oppression of Jews, making it illegal to practice any Jewish rites and pressing for the conversion or emigration of the remaining Jews. 691 First account of Jews in England. 712 Jews help Muslim invaders capture Spain, ending Visogoth rule and beginning a 150 year period of relative peace, in which Jews were free to study and practice religion as they wished. 722 In the wake of a narrow military defeat over Muslim forces, Leo III of Constantinople decided his nation's weakness lay in its heterogenious population, and began the forcible conversion of the Jews, as well as the "New Christians." Most converted under Leo III clandestinely continued their Jewish practices. 1040 Birth of Rashi. 1066 In the wake of the Norman conquest of England, Jews left Normandy and settled in London and later in York, Norwich, Oxford, Bristol and Lincoln. 1078 Pope Gregory VII prohibited Jews from holding offices in Christendom. 1086-1145 The greatest Hebrew poet of his time, Judah Halevi. 1090 Iban Iashufin, King of the Almoravides, captured Granada and destroyed the Jewish community, the survivors fled to Toledo. 1095 Henry IV of Germany, who granted Jews favorable conditions whenever possible, issued a charter to the Jews and a decree against forced baptism. 1131 Birth of Rambam. 1171 In the town of Blois, southwest of Paris, Jews are falsely accused of committing ritual murder ((killing of a Christian child) andblood libel. The adult Jews of the city are arrested and most are executed after refusing to convert. Thirty-one or 32 of the Jews are killed. The Jewish children are forcibly baptized. 1210 Group of 300 French and English rabbis make aliyah and settle in Israel. 1215 The Church's Fourth Lateran Council decrees that Jews be differentiated from others by their type of clothing to avoid intercourse between Jews and Christians. Jews are sometimes required to wear a badge; sometimes a pointed hat. 1227-1274 Christian theologian, who called for the slavery of all Jews, Saint Thomas Aquinas. 1229 King Henry III of England forced Jews to pay half the value of thier property in taxes. 1242 Burning of the Talmud in Paris. 1244 Tartars capture Jerusalem. 1253 King Henry III of England ordered Jewish worship in synagogueto be held quietly so that Christians passing by do not have to hear it. e also ordered that Jews may not employ Christian nurses or maids, nor may any Jew prevent another from converting to Christianity. 1254 French King Louis IX expelled the Jews from France, ending the Tosaphists period. Most Jews went to Germany and further east. 1255 Seeing himself as the "master of the Jews," King Henry II of England transferred his rights to the Jews to his brother, Richard, for 5,000 marks. 1267 In a special session, the Vienna city council forced Jews to wear the Pileum cornutum, a cone-shaped headress prevelent in many medieval woodcuts illustrating Jews. This form of distinctive dress was an additon to badge Jews were forced to wear. 1267 Ramban (Nachmanides) arrives in Israel. 1275 King Edward of England banned usury and unsuccessfully encouraged Jews in agriculture, crafts and local trades. He also forced Jews over the age of seven to wear an indentifying badge. 1282 The Archbishop of Canterbury, John Pectin, ordered all London synagogues to closed and prohibited Jewish physicians from practicing on Christians. 1285 Blood libel in Munich, Germany results in the death of 68 Jews. An additional 180 Jews are burned alive at the synagogue. 1287 A mob in Oberwesel, Germany kills 40 Jewish men, women and children after a ritual murder accusation. 1290 Bowing political pressure, English King Edward I expels the Jews from England. They were only allowed to take what they could carry and most went to France, paying for thier passage only to be robbed and cast overboard by the ship captains. 1306 Philip IV orders all Jews expelled from France, with their property to be sold at public auction. Some 125,000 Jews are forced to leave. 1321 Similar to accusations made during the Black Plague, Jews were accused of encouraging lepers to poison Christian wells inFrance. An estimated five thousand Jews were killed before the king, Philip the Tall, admitted the Jews were innocent. 1321 Henry II of Castile forces Jews to wear yellow badges. 1322 Charles IV of France expels all French Jews without the one year period he had promised them. 1348-1349 Much of Europe blames the Black Plague on the Jews and tortured to confess that they poisoned the wells. Despite the pleas of innocence of Pope Clement VI, the accusations resulted in the destruction of over 60 large and 150 small Jewish communities. 1348 Basle burns 600 Jews at the stake and forcibly baptizes 140 children, expelling the city's other Jews. The city's Christian residents convert the synagogue into a church and destroy the Jewish cemetery. 1348 Pope Clement VI issues an edict repudiating the libel against Jews, saying that they too were suffering from the Plague. 1360 Samuel ben Meir Abulafia is arrested and tortured to death by King Pedro without any explination. The king also confiscated his great wealth. 1385-1386 German Emperor Wenceslaus arrests Jews living in the Swabian League, a group of free cities in S. Germany, and confiscates their books. Later, he expelled the Jews of Strassburg after a community debate. 1386 Emperor Wenceslaus expelles the Jews from Strassbourg and confiscate their property. 1389 After a priest was hit with some sand from a few small Jewish boys playing in the street, he insisted that the Jewish community was plotting against him and began a virulent campaign against the city's Jews, resulting in the massacre of thousands and the destruction of the city's synagogue and Jewish cemetery. King Wenceslaus refused to condemn the act, insisting that the responsibility lay with the Jews for going outside during the Holy Week. 1389 Pope Boniface continues the policy of Clement VI, forbidding the Christians to harm Jews, destroy their cemeteries or forcibly baptize them. 1391 Ferrand Martinez, archdeacon of Ecija, begins a campaign against Spanish Jewry, killing over 10,000 and destroying the Jewish quarter in Barcelona. The campaign quickly spreads throughout Spain, except for Granada, and destroys Jewish communities in Valencia and Palma De Majorca. 1391 King Pedro I orders Spain not to harm the remaining Jews and decrees that synagogues not be converted into churches. 1392 King Pedro I announces his compliance with the Bull of Pope Boniface IX, protecting Jews from baptism. He extends this edict to Spanish Jewish refugees. 1415 Benedict XIII bans the study of the Talmud in any form, institutes forced Christian sermons and tries to restrict Jewish life completely. 1420 Pope Martin V favorably reinstates old privleges of the Jews and orders that no child under the age of 12 can be forcibly baptized without parental consent. 1420 All Jews are expelled from Lyons, including the refugees from Paris who were expelled 20 years earliers. Jews now only remain in Provence (until 1500) and in the possessions of the Holy See. 1422 Pope Martin V issues a bull reminding Christians that Christianity was derived from Judaism and warns the Friars not to incite against the Jews. The Bull was withdrawn the following year, alleging that the Jews of Rome attained the Bull by fraud. 1480 Inquisition established in Spain.
The Crusades
(1095-1258 CE)
1096 Participants in the First Crusade massacre Jews in several Central European cities, beginning centuries of pogroms linked to the Crusades. 1096 More than 5,000 Jews were murdered in Germany in several different attacks. May 3, 1096 Count Emico of Leiningen, on his way to join a Crusade, attacked the synagogue at Speyers and killed all the defenders. May 27, 1096 1,200 Jews commit suicide in Mayence to escape Count Emico, who tried to forcibly convert them. 1085-1140 Judah Halevi (Jewish author). 1099 Crusaders (European Christians) capture Jerusalem and massacre tens of thousands of the city's Jews. 1100 Germans, including German Jews, migrate to Poland. It is seen as “the land of opportunity.” 1107 Moroccan Almoravid ruler Yoseph Ibn Tashfin orders allMoroccan Jews to convert or leave. 1109 Tiberias falls to the Crusaders. 1115 After reconquering Toledo, Spain from the Muslims, Alphonso I invited all Jews to return. 1120 Jews from Muslim countries begin to settle in Byzantium. 1124 Records of a Jewish gate in Kiev attest to the presence of a Jewish community there. 1135-1204 Maimonides (Rabbi Moses ben Maimon; Jewish scholar). 1139 Judah Halevi completes his influential philosophy of Judaismknown as The Kuzari. He is a friend of commentator Abraham Ibn Ezra, who also left Spain for the life of a wandering Jewish scholar. 1143 150 Jews killed in Ham, France. 1144 Jews in Norwich, England, are accused of murdering a Christian child in what is believed to be the first ritual murder charge. The blood libel, as well as others in England that follow in the 12th century, incites anti-Jewish violence. 1160-1173 Benjamin of Toledo, The Itinerary of Benjamin of Toledo. 1163 Benjamin of Toledo writes of 40,000 Jews living in Baghdad, complete with 28 synagogues and 10 Torah academies. 1171 Saladin (1138-1193) overthrows Fatimid dynasty in Egypt. 1187 Saladin recaptures Jerusalem from Crusaders grants Jews permission to re-enter. March 16, 1190 Jews attacked, over 150 die after a six day standoff in York, England. 1190 Approximately 2,500 Jews live in England, enjoing more rights than Jews on the continent. 1191 French King Phillip starts the Third Crusade, cancels debts to Jews, drives many Jews out of France, confiscates their property. 1194-1270 Scholar and Jewish leader Moses Ben Nachman (Nachmanides). 1195 Moses Maimonides completes The Guide to the Perplexed, considered the most important work of medieval Jewish thought. 1211 A group of 300 rabbis from France and England settle in Palestine (Eretz Yisrael), beginning what might be interpreted as Zionist aliyah. 1198-1216 Pope Innocent III (Christian). 1204 First synagogue built in Vienna, a city where Jews enjoyed more freedom than in other areas of Austria. 1215 Fourth Lateran Council expands anti-Jewish decrees in Europe, forces Jews to wear the Yellow Patch, the "Badge of Shame. 1222 Deacon Robert of Reading, England, was burned for converting to Judaism, setting a precedent for the burning of "heretics". 1222 Stephen Langton, Archbishop of Canterbury and a prime mover of the Lateran Council, forbids Jews from building new synagogues, owning slaves or mixing with Christians. ca. 13th cen. The Zohar (a Jewish kabbalistic book): . 1227 Death of Genghis Khan (roving Mongol conqueror). ca. 1230 Inquisition by Christians in Spain. 1232 The Jewish community of Marrakech, Morocco, is reestablished, leading to massacres of Jews caused by Islamic political revolt and grassroots hatred. 1239 Pope Gregory IX orders the kings of France, England, Spain andPortugal to confiscate Hebrew books, Following this edict, the Talmud is condemned and burned in France and Rome. 1225-1274 Thomas Aquinas (Christian scholar). 1240-1292 Spanish Kabbalist Abraham Abulafia. 1243 First accusation of desecration of the Host (the wafers used is Christian Mass) - the blood libel - in Berlitz, Germany. 1244-1517 Rule by Tartars, Mongols, Ayybids, and Mamelukes. 1247 Pope Innocent IV issued a Bull refuting blood libels and sent it throughout Germany and France. 1254-1517 Mamluk Islamic rule (new dynasty) in Egypt. 1258 Fall of Islamic Abbasid dynasty to Hulagu (Mongol).
Transition & Rebuilding of Political Islam
(1258-1500 CE)
1258 Mongols sack Baghdad. 1260 Mongols led by Hulagu Khan overrun Gaza, they are beaten back by Egyptian Mamluk General Baibars. Gaza becomes the capital of a Mamluk Province. 1278 The Edict of Pope Nicholas III requires compulsory attendance of Jews at conversion sermons. 1286 Moses de Leon of Spain completes a commentary of the Torah. The Zohar remains a central text of Jewish mysticism. 1290/1291 Expulsion of Jews from England. 1291 Expulsion of Christian Crusaders from Syria . 1348 Black Death reaches Europe. 1445 Gutenberg prints Europe's first book with movable type. 1453 Ottomans begin rule from Constantinople. 1492 The Alhambra Decree ordered the expulsion of the Jews from Castile and Aragon, Spain. The edict was not formally revoked until December 16, 1968. 1492 End of Muslim states in Spain. 1492 Columbus sets sail.
Mamluk Rule
(1291-1516 CE)
1300-1517 Italian Renaissance. 1306-1394 Expulsions of Jews from France. 1328-1384 John Wycliffe (Christian dissident leader). 14th century Rise of the Ottoman Muslim dynasty in Turkey. 1333 Casimir the Great takes power in Poland and brings with him a sympathetic attitude toward the Jews, who benfit as a result. September 30, 1338 The Deggendorf Massacre. Residents of Deggendorf, Germany, burned the homes of and massacred the town's approximately 50 Jews. 1348 Black Death reaches Europe and Jews are accused of poisoning Christian wells. 1336-1405 Timurlane/Tamurlane, Turkic ruler in central Asia. 1360 King Pedro of Portugal arrests and tortures to death Samuel Ben Meir Abulafia. No charges were ever given and the King confiscated Abulafia's lands and great wealth. 1400 Damascus sacked by Timurlane. 1424 Jewish physician, Y'en Ch'eng is given the surname "Chao" as an honor by the Emperor. This family, which probably originated in India and Babylon, became on of the leading Chinese Jewish families. 1437-1509 Philosopher, financier and scholar, Don Isaac Abarbanel intercedes many times on behalf of his fellow Jews, including trying to stop Ferdinand from expelling them. This time he was foiled by Torquemada and he followed them into exile. His commentaries cover the major and minor Prophets. Consistent with his belief that the Messiah would come in his lifetime, he also wrote three messianic texts called Migdal Yeshu'ot (Tower of Salvation). 1452-1454/55 Gutenberg prints Europe's first book with movable type. 1447 Following a fire in Posen where the original charter (written by Casimir the Great) granted the Jews "privileges," Casimir IV renews all their rights and makes his charter one of the most liberal in Europe. This charter lasted less than a decade before it was revoked. 1452-1515 Astronomer and historian, Abraham Zacuto creates tables used by Columbus. After the explusion of 1492, Zacuto went to Portugal where he developed the metal Astrolab used by Vasco Da Gama. In 1498 he was forced to flee or convert. He left and reached Tunis where he wrote a history of the Jews from creation until the sixteenth century. 1453 Fall of Constantinople (Istanbul) to Ottoman Muslims. 1454 Casimir IV of Poland revokes the Jewish charter, at the insistence of Bishop Zbignev. The Bishop had correctly predicted Casimir's defeat by the Teutonic Knights backed by the Pope, and succeeded in convincing the King that it was due to the Jews. 1463 Pope Nicholas V authorized the establishment of the Inquisitionto investigate heresy among the Marranos. 1479-15 Isabella's severe anti-Jewish learnings influence Ferdinand and lead to the final expulsion of the Jews from Spain. 1486 First prayer book published in Soncino, Italy. 1488 The first complete edition of the Hebrew Bible is printed inSoncino, Italy. 1492 Christian expulsion of Muslim Moors from Spain. 1492 Columbus sets sail. 1492 Christian expulsion of Jews from Spain, sending over 200,000 Jews fleeing: 137,000 Jews forced to leave Sicily. 1494 Polish King Jan Olbracht's orders Jews to leave to leave Crakowfor Kazimierz after they are blamed for a large fire that destroyed part of the city. 1496 Manuel of Portugal expels Jews from Portugal. 1516 The closed Jewish Quarter in Venice, Italy, is dubbed the Geto Nuovo (New Foundry). "Geto" will later become the basis for the word "ghetto". 1516 The Ottoman's fight the Mamluks out of Gaza, Gaza is ruled for the next 100 years by the Ridwan family. 1505-1584 Kabbalist and author of "Lecha Dodi" (Come My Beloved),Solomon ben Moses Alkabetz.
Christian Reformation Period
(1517-1569 CE)
1510 38 Jews were burned at the stake in Berlin. 1516 Jews in Venice are relegated to a ghetto, the most extreme segregation to which Jews had been submitted. Over time, Jews in many lands are similarly segregated. 1483-1546 Martin Luther. 1517 Luther posts "95 theses" in Wittenburg, Germany 1520-1579 Cracow Rosh Yeshiva whose major work was an adaptation ofCaro's Shulchan Aruch to Europoean Jewry, Moses Isserles. 1525-1609 Brilliant Talmudist, mathematician and astronomer, popular with Emperor Randolh II. Judah Loew Ben Bezalel, the Maharal ofPrague also created the Golem, a man from clay who protected the Jewish community. 1534 First Yiddish book published in Cracow, Poland. 1534-1572 Talmud and Kabbalah scholar, I saac Ben Solomon Luria, given the name "The Ari" (The Lion). 1543 Luther writes "About the Jews and Their Lies," considered the first modern anti-Semitic tract. ca. 1500-1650 Protestant Christian Reformation. 1509-1564 John Calvin. 1516 Jewish ghetto instituted in Venice. 1526 The Prague Haggadah, which contains the oldest known printedYiddush poem, is published. November 22, 1547 Jews in the small community of Asolo, Italy were victims of a massacre, leaving 10 of the 37 Jewish residents dead. 1547 Ivan the Terrible becomes ruler of Russia and refuses to allow Jews to live in his kingdon. 1555 Jewish ghetto instituted in Rome. 1559 Pope Paul IV allows the first printing of the Zohar, a Jewish mystical text. 1567/1571 Shulhan Arukh (code of Jewish law by Joseph Caro).published. 1569 Isaac Luria writes the Kabbalist in Safed. Luria's ideas give rise to a new form of Jewish mysticism.
Dominance of Ottoman Muslim Empire
(1500-1920 CE)
1517 Victory of (Muslim Ottoman Turk) Selim I over Egypt. Ottoman Muslim rulers (later) claim the title "caliph". 1520-1566 Sulayman I, "the Magnificent," rules. ca. 1500-1800 Dominance of Safavid Shiite Muslim dynasty in Iran. ca. 1500-1800 Dominance of Mughal Muslim dynasty in India. 1550-1619 Rabbi, preacher and biblical commentator known for his brilliant sermons calling for self improvement, Ephraim Solomon of Lunshits. 1550 Dr. Jospeh Hacohen was chased out of Genoa for practicing medicine, and soon after, all the Jews were expelled. 1553 Under the direction of Cardinal Caraffa, later Pope Paul IV, theTalmud was confiscated and publicaly burned in Rome on Rosh Hashanah, starting a wave of Talmud burning throughout Italy. 1554 Cornelio da Montalcino, a Franciscan Friar who converted toJudaism, is burned alive in Rome. 1555 In his Bull Cum Nimis Absurdum, Pope Paul IV renewed all anti-Jewish legislation and installed a ghetto in Rome. The Bull also forced Jews to wear a special cap, forbade them from owning real estate or practicing medicine on Christians. It also limited Jewish communities to only one synagogue. 1555-1631 Talmudic commentator, author of Chidushei Halachot, Samuel Eliezer Aidles, also known as "Maharsha." . 1558 In Recanti, Italy, under the protection of Pope Paul IV, Joseph Paul More, a baptized Jew, entered a synagogue on Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement, and tried to preach a conversion sermon. The congregation evicted him and a near massacre occured. Soon after, the Jews were expelled from Recanti. 1585 First known Jew to step on American soil, Joachim Gaunse(Ganz), lands on Roanoke Island. 1596-1650 Rene Descartes (scholar-philosopher): . 1564 In Brest Litovsk, the son of a wealthy Jewish tax collector, is accused of killing the family's Christian servant for ritual purposes. He is tortured and killed. 1566 Three months into his reign, Pope Pius V rejects Pope Pius IV leniency towards Jews and reinstates the restrictions of Pope Paul IV which forced Jews to wear a special cap, forbade them from owning real estate or practicing medicine on Christians. It also limited Jewish communities to only one synagogue. 1569 Brest Litovsk welcomes Jewish settlement. In 80 years the Jewish population surges from 4,000 to more than 50,000. 1586 Pope Sixtus V rejects Pope Gregory XIII policies and forbids Jews from living in the Papal states and to print the Talmud. 1587-1643 The leading Jewish composer of the late Italian Renaissance and the musical director of court of Mantua, Salamone de Rossi. 1588 England defeats the Spanish Armada, weakening Spain and decreasing the reach of the Inquisition, espcially in theNetherlands. 1590 Built of wood, the entire Jewish quarter of Posen burned while then gentile population watched and pillaged. 15 people died and 80 Torah scrolls were burned. 1591 Rabbi, encyclopedist, physician and pupil of Galileo, Jose Solomon Delmedigo wrote over 30 works in math, geometry, chemistry, mechanics, philosophy and medicine. 1592 Esther Chiera, who held considerable influence in Sultan Murad III's court, was executed because of jealousy and the Sultan's desire for her assets. 1593 Pope Clement VIII expelled Jews from all Papal states except Rome and Ancona. 1596 Official Yom Kippur services are held for the first time inAmsterdam, though not without controversy. 1603 Frei Diogo Da Assumpacao, a partly Jewish friar who embraced Judaism, was burned alive in Lisbon. His arguments against Christianity were published and gained wide popularity. 1605 A Jesuit missionary in China meets with Al T'Ien, a Chinese Jewish teacher. Thier correspondence is the basis for most known information regarding the Kaifeng Jewish community. 1605-1657 Menasseh ben Israel (Jewish scholar-mystic). 1612 The Hamburg Senate decides to officially allow Jews to live in the city on the condition there is no public worship. 1614 Vincent Fettmilch, who called himself the "new Haman of the Jews," led a raid on a Frankfurt synagogue that turned into an attack which destroyed the whole community. 1615 King Louis XIII of France decreed that all Jews must leave the country within one month on pain of death. 1615 The Guild, led by Dr. Chemnitz, "non-violently" forced the Jews from Worms. 1616 The Bishop of Speyer, with the backing of Frederick's troops, readmitted the Jews to Worms. 1616 Holland's Prince Maurice of Orange allowed each each city to decide for itself whether to admit Jews. In the towns where Jews were admitted, they would not be required to wear a badge of any sort identifying them as Jews. 1616 Jesuits arrives in Grodno, Poland and accused the Jews of blood orgies and host desecrations. 1618-1638 Thity Years War between Catholics and Protestants centers around Germany, Austria, Franc e and the Netherlands. 1619 Shah Abbasi of the Persian Sufi Dynasty increased persecution against the Jews forcing many to outwardly practice Islam. (Many secretly practiced Judaism.). 1620 Christian Puritans begin emigrations to America. 1621 Sir Henry Finch, legal advisor to King James I, makes the first English call to restore the Jews to their homeland in his treatiseThe World's Great Restoration or Calling of the Jews. 1621-1663 Well-known commentator of the Shulchan Aruch and author of several other works, Shabbetai Ben Meir Hacohen. 1622-1629 Persian Jews are forced to convert to Islam. 1623-1662 Blaise Pascal (scholar). 1625 The Jews of Vienna were forced to move into a ghetto called Leopoldstadt. 1625 Pope Urban VIII forbids Roman Jews to erect gravestones. 1626-1676 Shabbatai Zvi (Jewish “messianic” leader). 1630-1703 Financier and founder of the Viennese Jewish community, Samuel Oppenheimer. 1632 Miguel and Isabel Rodreguese and five others were burned alive in front of the King and Queen of Spain after being discovered holding Jewish rites. 1632-1677 Baruch/Benedict Spinoza (scholar, converted Jew). 1636 Rhode Island grants religious liberty to Jews. 1639 More than 80 New Christians (Jews who converted to Christianity) were burned at the stake after the Inquisition caught them holding regular Jewish services in Lima, Peru. 1641-1718 Shabbtai Ben Joseph the Bass, Author of Seftai Yesharim, the first bibliography of Hebrew books and biblical commentator. He also built a printing house in 1689, despite being jailed several times, accused of printing anti-Christian material. The printing house lasted more than 150 years. 1642 The first Jewish colony in the New World is established in Recife, Brazil. 1642 Chao Ying-Cheng helped rebuild the synagogue in Kai Fen after the Yellow River flooded the area. He also served in the goverrnment and helped build schools and squashed marauding bandits. 1648 Bogdan Chmelnitzki massacres 100,000 Jews in Poland. 1648 The Treaty of Westphalia brings victory to the Protestants. 1649 In the largest Auto de Fe ever held in the New World, 109 crypto-Jews were accused of Judaizing, several were burned alive. 1649 John Casimir, upon ascending the Polish throne, negotiates a truce with Cosack leader and murderer of thousands of Jews, Bogdan Chmelnitzki. 1654 Arrival of 23 Jews from Brazil in New Amsterdam (New York, America). 1655 Dutch West India Company allows Jewish settlers to reside permanently in New Amsterdam. 1655 Jews readmitted to England by Oliver Cromwell. 1657 The first Jews gain the rights of citizens in America. 1670 Jews expelled from Vienna.
Jewish Contemporary Period
(1700-1917 CE)
1700-1760 Israel Baal Shem Tov (founder of Jewish Hasidism). 1700 Jewish population in America numbers approximately 250. 1703-1758 Jonathan Edwards (American Christian preacher). 1703-1791 and 1707-1788 John and Charles Wesley (Christian). 1712 First public Jewish synagogue in Berlin. 1724 Death of Samson Wertheimer 1730 Jews build first North American synagogue in Lower Manhattan, Shearith Israel. 1740 England grants naturalization rights to Jews in the colonies. ca. 1750 Wahhabi "fundamentalist" movement arises in Islam. 1753 Parliament extends naturalization rights to Jews resident inEngland. 1761 First English prayer book for High Holidays is published in New York. 1763 The Jews of Newport, Rhode Island, dedicate a Sephardicsynagogue, designed by leading Rhode Island architect Peter Harrison. 1768-1828 "Father of Reform [Judaism]," Israel Jacobson. 1775 Pius VI issues Editto sopra gli ebrei, "Edict over the Hebrew," suppressing the Jewish religion. 1775 Frances Salomon elected to South Carolina Provisional Congress; the first Jew to hold elected office in America. 1776 United States Declaration of Independence. 1775-1854 America merchant and philanthropist Judah Touro, funded first New Orleans synagogue. 1729-1786 Moses Mendelssohn (Jewish "enlightenment" scholar). 1762 Although usually considered more liberal than other states, Rhode Island refuses to grant Jews Aaron Lopez and Isaac Eliezer citizenship stating "no person who is not of the Christian religion can be admitted free to this colony." 1765 Portugal holds the last public Auto de Fe "Act of Faith," a ceremony where the Inquisition announces its punishments, usually a death sentence of burning at the stake. 1769-1821 Napoleon (France). 1775-1781 American Revolution; religious freedom guaranteed. 1781 Joseph II of Austria recinds the 513-year old law requiring Jews to wear distinctive badges. 1781 Haym Solomon, a Polish Jew who arrived in New York in 1772, helps raise funds to finance the American cause in the Revolutionary War. 1781-1869 American philanthropist Rebecca Gratz. 1782 Austrian Emperor Joseph II issued his edict of tolerance, allowing Jews to practice their religion freely. 1783 The Sultan of Morocco expells the Jews for the third time in recent years after they failed to pay an exorbitant ransom. 1785-1851 Zionist author, journalist and and diplomat, Mordechai Manuel Noah. 1788 Ratification of the U.S. Constitution means Jews may hold any federal office. 1789 French Revolution. 1784-1885 Leading Jewish philanthropist, Sir Moses Montefiore, createed numerous agricultural settlements in Eretz Israel. 1789 Gershom Mendes Seixas, minister of New York's Jewish congregation, is invited to Washington's inaugural. 1790 Jews of Newport, Rhode Island welcome President George Washington. George Washington writes letter to Jewish community proclaiming religious liberty. September 27, 1791 French Jews granted full citizenship for the first time since the Roman Empire. 1791 Tsarist Russia confines Jews to Pale of Settlement, between the Black and Baltic Seas. 1795 First American Ashkenazi synagogue, Rodeph Shalom, is established in Philadelphia. 1796 The Netherlands grants citizenship to Jews. 1798 Napoleon, battle of the Pyramids in Islamic Egypt. 1799 Napoleon's army moves from Egypt, capturing Gaza and Haifaand gets as far north as Akko which is successfully defended by the British. 1801-1804 Muslim Wahhabis capture Mecca & Medina, raid Karbala. 1801 The first American Jewish orphan care society established in Charleston, South Carolina. 1804-1881 English Statesman Benjamin Disraeli. 1808 Polonies Talmud Torah, the first Jewish school on record in the United States established in New York. 1811-1884 "Brains of the Confederacy," Judah P. Benjamin. March 11, 1812 Prussia's Edict of Emancipation grants citizenship to Jews. 1812-1875 Moses Hess, author, socialist and Zionist. 1813 President Madison appoints Mordechai Noah as consul to Tunis and then rescinds the appointment when the Tunisians object to dealing with a Jew. 1814 King Ferdinand VII of Portugal reestablishes the Inquisition six years after it was abolished by Joseph Boneparte March 29, 1814 Denmark grants citizenship to Jews. 1818-1883 Although born a Jew, he converted to Protestantism and later became the father of Communism, Karl Marx. mid-19th century Rise of the Jewish Reform movement in Europe (Abraham Geiger.) 1819 Rebecca Gratz establishes the first independent Jewish women's charitable society in Philadelphia. 1819-1900 Head of the American Reform movement and founder of Hebrew Union College and the Union of American Hebrew Congregations, Isaac Mayer Wise. 1820 (ended in 1834) A royal decree officially abolished the Spanish Inquisition. 1821-1891 Well-known physician and early Zionist, Leon Pinsker. 1823 The Monroe Doctrine closes the American continent to foreign colonization. 1823 The first American Jewish periodical, The Jew, published in New York. 1824 Society of Reformed Israelites is established in Charleston. 1825 Mordechai Emmanual Lassalle led a failed movement to colonize New York's Grand Island for Jewish refugees. 1826 In the last known Auto Da Fe, in Valencia, Spain, a poor school master was executed for adhering to Judaism. 1827 Reinterpretation of Russia's Conscription Law mandates 31 years of military service for Jews, beginning at age 12. 1830 French occupation of Muslim Algiers. 1830 German Jews begin to immigrate to America in substantial numbers. November 30, 1830 Greece grants citizenship to Jews. 1830-1903 Jewish Impressionist painter, whose works focused on the streets of Paris and landscapes, Camille Pissarro. 1831 Louis Philippe of France grants state support to synagogues. 1831 Belgium grants citizenship to Jews. 1831 Although Jews had been living in Jamaica since 1655, they are finally given the right to vote. 1831-1896 Banker and philanthropist, who donated millions of dollars to Jewish organizations and attempted to resettle Eastern European and Russian Jews by estabishing the Jewish Colonial Association (JCA), Baron De Hirsch. 1832 Canada grants Jews political rights. 1833 The first book by an American Jewish woman, Penina Moise'sFancy's Sketch Book, published in South Carolina. 1837 An earthquake in Tzfat and Tiberias kills four thousand people and damages monuments and archeological sites. 1837 First Passover Haggadah printed in America. 1838 Rebecca Gratz establishes Hebrew Sunday School in Philadelphia. 1840 Jews are accused of murdering a Franciscan friar in theDamascus blood libel. 1840 First organized movement by American Jewry to protest false accusations of blood libel in Damascus, Syria. 1840 The first Hebrew printing press in India is established. 1840s The use of the word "Jew" as a verb comes into popular parlance in North America. "To Jew" means to strike a bargain or employ questionable business practices, according to this prejudicial usage. 1841 David Levy Yulee of Florida elected to the United States Senate, the first Jew in Congress. 1843 B'nai B'rith is organized, the first secular Jewish organization in the United States. 1844 Lewis Charles Levin was the first Jew elected to the U.S. House of Representatives. 1845 Isaac Leeser publishes his translation of the Pentateuch from the Hebrew into English. 1845-1934 Zionist leader Baron Edmond James de Rothschild. 1847 London elects its first Jewish member of Parliament, Baron Lionel Nathan Rothschild. However, he cannot be seated as a member of Parliament because he will not swear the oath of office, which affirms Christianity as the true faith. 1847-1915 Author, scholar and leader of the American Conservative movement, Solomon Schechter. 1848 In every part of Germany, excluding Bavaria, Jews had been granted granted civil rights, allowing Gabriel Riesser, a Jewish advocate, to be elected vice-president of the Frankfurt Vor Parliament and to become a member of the National Assembly. The civil rights, however, existed on paper only and were not enforced. 1849-1887 American poet whose "New Colossus" was inscribed on the Statue of Liberty: Emma Lazerus. 1852 Mount Sinai, the first Jewish Hospital in the United States is founded by a group of mostly German Jewish immigrants. September 1, 1852 An anti-Jewish riot erupts in Stockholm, Sweden. 1852 The Ghetto of Prague is officially abolished. 1852-1870 Reign of Napoleon III of France. 1853 Isaac Leeser publishes his translation of the Bible into English, the first complete Anglo-Jewish translation of the Pentateuch. 1855 First acknowledged non-Muslim visitor permitted to enter Temple Mount since 1187 CE. 1856 Sabato Morais, rabbi of Congregation Mikveh Israel in Philadelphia, denounces the evils of American slavery from his pulpit. 1858 Edgar Mortara, an Italian Jewish child, is abducted by Papal Guards and placed in a monastery. 1859-1916 "Yiddish Mark Twain," famed novelist, Shalom Alechem Rabinowitz. 1859-1941 (Reign 1888-1918) Kaiser William II of Germany. 1860 First neighborhood, Mishkenot Sha'ananim, built outside Jerusalem's walls. 1860 Frenchman Adolohe Cremieux launches the Alliance Israelite Universelle to defend Jewish rights and establish worldwide Jewish educational facilities. 1860-1904 Father of Zionism, Theodore Herzl. 1860-1911 Major modern Jewish composer of nine symphonies, Gustav Mahler. 1860-1945 Henrietta Szold, founder of Hadassah, the Amerian Woman's Zionist Organization. 1860 Morris Raphall is the first rabbi to offer prayers at the opening session of Congress. 1861 Norway allows Jews to enter the country. 1861 Judah Benjamin becomes attorney general of the Confederacy, the first Jew to hold a cabinet-level office in any American government. 1861-1865 1,200 Jews fought for the Confederacy and 6,000 for the Union, including nine generals and 21 colonels in the American Civil War. 1861-1936 Essayist and publicist who headed the Jewish and Zionist Organization during the 1930s, was editor of He-Tsefriah and published a history of Zionism, Nahum Sokolow. 1862 Moses Hess writes Rome and Jerusalem. 1862 General Ulysses S. Grant expels Jewish civilians issues General Order No. 11 expelling the Jews "as a class" from the area under the jurisdiction of the Union army in his military department. 1862 Jacob Frankel is appointed first Jewish chaplain in the United States Army. 1864 Leon Pinsker writes Autoemancipatio n and argues for creation of a Jewish state. 1866 Jews become a majority in Jerusalem. 1866 Switzerland, a hotbed of anti-Jewish edicts grants Jews equal rights only after threats by the United States, France and Britain. 1867 First rabbinical school in America, Maimonides College, is founded in Philadelphia. 1867 The original Ku Klux Klan is organized to maintain "white supremacy". 1867 Hungary passes legislation emancipating the Jews. 1867 German journalist Wilhelm Marr publishes a popular book, The Victory of Judaism over Germanism. He coins the word "antisemitism" so that Judenhass, or Jew-hatred, can be discussed in polite society. 1868 Benjamin Disraeli becomes prime minister of Great Britain — and the first prime minister of Jewish descent in Europe. 1869 Suez Canal opens. 1869 Italy grants emancipation to Jews. 1870 Sweden grants citizenship to Jews. 1870 Ghettos abolished in Italy. 1870 The Edict of Pope Nicholas III which required compulsory attendance of Jews at conversion sermons since 1278 is abolished. 1871 First Yiddish and Hebrew newspaper in America is published. 1871 The the first American kosher cookbook, Jewish Cookery Book, by Esther Jacobs Levy is published. 1871 Great Britain grants full emancipation to Jews. January 12, 1871 A new German constitution gives German Jews full legal equality. 1873 Reform Judaism in U.S. establishes Union of American Hebrew Congregations. 1873-1934 Poet laureate of the Jewish national movement, authored "In City of Slaughter," "El Ha Tsippor-To the Bird" and "Metai Midbar-Dead of the Desert, Hayim Nahman Bialik. 1873-1956 Leading theologian of the Reform movement, refused to escape Nazi Germany and spent five years in Terezin (Theresienstadt)concentration camp, Leo Baeck. 1874 Jews in Switzerland receive full rights of citizenship under the new constitution. 1874-1926 Eric Weiss, better known as Harry Houdini, the master escape artist, was born into an orthodox home. 19th-20th centuries Young Men's Hebrew Associations in New York and Philadelphia become prototypes for the more than 120 YMHAs established throughout the US in the next 15 years. In the 20th century, many of these evolve into Jewish Community Centers. 1874-1952 Statesman and scientist Chaim Weizmann. 1875 Isaac Mayer Wise founds Hebrew Union College, the rabbinical seminary of the Reform movement, in Cincinnati. 1877 New Hampshire becomes the last state to offer Jews political equality. 1878 Petah Tikvah (Gate of Hope) founded as agricultural colony by orthodox Jews. Although it was abandoned in 1881 after Arab attacks, it was reestablished in 1883 after the First Aliyah. 1878 The antisemitic German Christian Social Party is founded by Adolf Stoecker, a court chaplain. The party demands that Jews convert to Christianity. 1879-1955 Zionist, physicist, Nobel Prize winner and discoverer of the special and general theory of relativity Albert Einstein. 1880-1920 Zionist leader Joseph Trumpeldor. 1880-1939 Zionist leader, founder of the New Zionist Organization,Haganah, Jewish Legion, Irgun, Betar, Revision ist Party,Vladimir Jabotinsky. 1881 Ottoman government announces permission for foreign (non-Ottoman) Jews to settle throughout Ottoman Empire. 1881 Start of mass migrations of eastern European Jews. 1881 French occupation of Muslim Tunisia. 1881 Samuel Gompers founds the Federation of Unions, the forerunner of the American Federation of Labor. 1881 May Laws restricting the movements and conduct of Jews are enacted in Russia. 1881 The word "pogrom" enters the English language, as Russian mobs begin a series of violent attacks against Jews and their property. 1882 British occupation of Muslim Egypt. 1882 First halutz (pioneering) movement, Bilu, founded in Kharkov Russia. 1882 Ottoman government adopts policy to allow Jewish pilgrims and business-people to visit Palestine, but not settle. 1882 Hibbat Tzion societies founded. November 15, 1882 Associate Supreme Court Justice Felix Frankfurter is born. 1884 First Conference of Hovevei Zion Movement. 1884 Ottoman government closes Palestine to foreign (non-Ottoman) Jewish business, but not to Jewish pilgrims. 1885 Reform Jewish Pittsburgh Platform. 1885-1962 Scientist who developed the theory on the nature of the atom, rescued from Nazi Germany, Neils Bohr. 1885 Sir Nathaniel Meyer Rothschild becomes the first Jew in England's in the House of Lords. The Christian oath was amended so that non-Christians could also serve in the House of Lords. 1886-1929 Philosopher, author, helped create the Free Jewish House of Study in Frankfurt, Franz Rosenweig. 1886 Etz Chaim, the first yeshiva for Talmudic studies in the United States, established in New York. 1886-1973 Statesman David Ben-Gurion. 1887 Jewish Theological Seminary opens in New York and, later, becomes the intellectual center of the Conservative movement. 1887-1990 Famous artist Marc Chagall. 1888 Jewish Publication Society of America is founded to publish English books of Jewish interest. 1888 European powers press Ottoman government to allow foreign (non-Ottoman) Jews to settle in Palestine provided they do not do so en masse. 1888-1970 Hebrew novelist and Nobel prize winner, Samuel Joseph Agnon. 1889 The Educational Alliance founded on the Lower East Side to assist Eastern European immigrants. April 20, 1889 Adolf Hitler is born in Braunau am Inn, Austria. October 2, 1890 Jewish comedian Groucho Marx is born. Along with his brothers he formed the group “the Marx Brothers”, and performed in vaudeville stage acts. The brothers were also pioneers of modern cinema and television. 1891 Grand Duke Segai orders the expulsion of 14,00 Jewish families living in Moscow. Those who refuse to convert or become prostitutes are sent to the Pale of Settlement. 1891 Christian Zionist William E. Blackstone and 413 prominent Americans petition President Benjamin Harrison to support resettlement of Russian Jews in Palestine. 1891 Baron de Hirsh donates 2 million pounds and establishes the Jewish Colonial Association in order to resettle 3 million Russian Jews in agricultural areas in other countries. 1892 Workmen's Circle established to promote Yiddishist and socialist ideas among the masses of Jewish laborers. 1892 American Jewish Historical Society established. 1892 Ottoman government forbids sale of state land to foreign (non-Ottoman) Jews in Palestine. 1893 National Council of Jewish Women founded in Chicago. 1893 Kosher ritual slaughter banned in Switzerland. 1894 French general staff officer Alfred Dreyfus is sentenced to life on Devil's Island in the Dreyfus Affair. 1894 Sholem Aleichem begins writing the first episode of the life of Tevye the Dairyman. 1894-1917 Last Russian Czar, commissioned what became the anti-Semitic "Protocols of the Elders of Zion," Nicholas II. 1894-1943 Artist known for his passionate and often disturbing use of color and form, Chaim Soutine (Smiliouchi). 1895 Lillian Wald founds Henry Street Settlement. 1896 Theodor Herzl publishes Der Judenstaat, The Jewish State(Zionism): . 1897 First Jewish Zionist congress convened by Theodor Herzl in Basle, Switzerland, Zionist Organization Founded. 1897 Yiddish Socialist Labor party (the Bund) is founded in Russia. 1897 Abraham Cahan founds leading Yiddish newspaper, Jewish Daily Forward in New York. 1897 The Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary (RIETS), later part of Yeshiva University, begins training Orthodox rabbis. 1898 Eastern European immigrants organize a Union of Orthodox Congregations, whose viewpoint clashes with that of the Reform movement's Union of American Hebrew Congregations (UAHC). 1898-1936 Perhaps the greatest composer of the 20th century, whose works include "Rhapsody in Blue," George Gershwin. 1898-1978 Fourth Prime Minister of Israel, Golda Meir. 1898 Acting on behalf of Col. Dreyfus, Emile Zola publishes J'Accuse. 1898 A section of the Old City Wall is removed to facilitate the entrance of Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany and his entourage on his visit to Jerusalem. 1899-1902 The term "concentration camp" is coined by the British during the Boer War to denote holding areas for potentially threatening Afrikaners (descendents of Dutch who immigrated to South Africa in the mid-1800s). 1899 Emile Zola wins a new trial for Alfred Dreyfus, and despite new charges, Dreyfus is aquitted and promoted to Major. 1899 Theodor Herzl establishes the Jewish Colonial Trust, the financial arm of the Zionist movement. 1900-1990 American composer and conductor best known for "Appalachian Spring," "Billy the Kid" and "Rodeo," Aaron Copland. early 20th century Founding of the Modern Jewish Orthodox movement. 1901 The Industrial Removal Office, organized by several Jewish organizations, relocate Jewish immigrants from the Lower East Side to communities across the United States. 1901 The Fifth Zionist Congress decides to establish Keren Kayemet LeIsrael (KKL) - The Jewish National Fund. 1902 Theodor Herzl publishes a romantic utopian novel, Altneuland,Old-New Land, a vision of the Jewish State. 1902 Russian Jews organize U.S.-based Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society to serve as counselors, interpreters, attorneys, etc. 1902-1979 Composer and partner of Oscar Hammerstein II (1895-1960), known for "Oklahoma!" and" South Pacific," Richard Rogers. 1902 Solomon Schechter comes from England to America to head the Jewish Theological Seminary of America, Conservative Judaism's rabbinical seminary. 1903 British Government proposes "Uganda Scheme," rejected by the Sixth Zionist Congress. 1903 Kishinev massacre increases Jewish exodus from Russia. 1903 Oscar Straus is appointed Secretary of Commerce and Labor by President Roosevelt, the first Jew to serve in the U.S. Cabinet. August 26, 1903 Herzl proposes Kenya as a safe haven for Jews. 1903-1907 500,000 Jews flee Russia, 90% go to the United States. 1904-1914 Second Aliyah, mainly from Russia and Poland. 1905 Gimnazia Herzilia, the first Hebrew high school, opens in Tel Aviv. 1905 Zionist Labor Party (Poale Zion) formed in Minsk in an effort to combine Zionism and Socialism. 1906 American Jewish Committee is founded to safeguard Jewish rights internationally. early 20th century Sholem Aleichem comes to New York from Russia to write for the American Yiddish theater. The musical Fiddler on the Roof is based on his story Tevye's Daughters. 1906 First Hebrew high school founded in Jaffa and Bezalel school founded in Jerusalem. 1907 Physicist Albert A. Michelson is first American Jew to winNobel Prize. 1907 Adolf Hitler is rejected for study at the Vienna Academy of Art. 1908 Discovery of oil in Persia; leads to Anglo-Persian (later British Petroleum). 1908 Revolution by "young Turks" depose Sultan Abdul Hamid the Damned under Ottoman. 1908 Turkey grants Jews political rights. 1908 Hijaz Railway from Damascus to Medina. 1909 Julius Rosenwald, American merchant and philanthropist, converts Sears, Roebuck and Co. into the largest mail-order house in the world. 1908-1914 Second Yemenite Aliyah. 1909 First kibbutz, Degania, founded. 1909 Founding of Tel Aviv as Hebrew speaking Jewish city. 1909 Hashomer, the first Jewish self-defense organization is founded to replace Arab guards protecting Jewish settlements. 1911-1913 Russian neurologist Sikowsy testifies thet Jews use Christian blood for ritual purposes in the Beilis Trial (Russia). 1911-1986 Hall of Fame baseball player Hank Greenberg. 1911 A tragic fire in the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory in New York's Lower East Side kills 146 women, mostly Jews. 1911 Palestinan journalist Najib Nasser publishes first book in Arabic on Zionism entitled, "Zionism: Its History, Objectives and Importance." Palestinian newspaper Filastin begins addressing its readers as "Palestinians" and warns them about Zionism. 1913 In Russia, Menahem Mendel Beilis, a Jew, is put on trial for the ritual murder of a Christian boy. After two years followed by a "show trial," Beilis is acquitted. 1912 United States abrogates treaty of 1832 with Russia because of Russia's refusal to honor passports of Jewish Americans. 1912 Henrietta Szold founds Hadassah, the Women's Zionist Organization. 1912 Haifa's Technion is founded. 1912 Agudah (Agudat Israel) formed as the World Organization of Orthodox Jewry at Katowitz. 1912 12 of the 100 members of the Reichstag (German parliament) are Jewish. 1913 Trial of Leo Frank in Atlanta leads to the founding of the Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith. 1913 Solomon Schechter, president of the Jewish Theological Seminary, founds the United Synagogue of America (later the United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism). 1913 First Arab Nationalist Congress meets in Paris. 1913-1993 Commander of the Etzel, statesman and Israeli prime minister,Menachem Begin. 1914 Joint Distribution Committee of American Funds for the Relief of Jewish War Sufferers is established. 1914-1919 World War I. 1914 Austrian Archduke Francis Ferdinand assassinated in Sarajevo prompting World War One. 1914 During First World War, Russian forces in retreat drive 600,000 Jews from their homes. 1914 American Jewish Relief Committee established to distribute funds to needy Jews; it later combined with other Jewish relief organizations to become the Joint Distribution Committee. 1914 The Ottoman empire enters the war on the side of Germany. 1915 Moses Alexander elected Governor of Idaho - the first Jew to win the governorship of an American state. 1915 MacMahon-Hussein correspondence. 1915 Zion Mule Corps established by Yosef Trumpeldor in British army. 1915 Avshalom Feinburg and Aaron Aaronsohn form NILI (Netzah Israel Lo Yeshaker), recruited to spy on the Turks for the British. 1915 The Anti-Defamation League (ADL) is created in the wake of the Leo Frank Affair. 1915-1981 Moshe Dayan, Haganah fighter, Israeli minister of Defense. 1915 Leo Frank, a southern American Jew falsely convicted of murdering a 14 year-old girl is hung by a lynch mob. October 30, 1915 Jewish television news pioneer Ferdinand "Fred" Friendly Wachenheimer is born. 1915-2005 Arthur Miller, American playwright whose works include, "Death of a Salesman," The Crucible" and "A View From the Bridge." . 1916 Sykes-Picot Agreement divides Middle East into spheres of British and French influence. 1916 Start of Arab revolt against Ottoman Turkish rule. 1916 Louis Dembitz Brandeis is first Jew appointed to the Supreme Court. 1916 Germany accuses Jews of evading active service in WWI, despite 100,000 Jews serving, 12% higher than their population ratio. 1917 British capture Baghdad. 1917 Jewish Telegraphic Agency is founded. 1917 Four-hundred years of Ottoman rule ended by British conquest. 1917 The Balfour Declaration favors Jewish Palestinian State. 1917 As WWI comes closer to Tel-Aviv and Jaffa, the Turkish Governer of Jaffa orders all Jews to leave Tel-Aviv and Jaffa. 1917 Jews granted full rights in Russia. 1917 Russian Revolution breaks out, heavy fighting in the South and West, where over 3 million Jews live. Over 2000 pogroms took place, claiming the lives of up to 200,000 Jews in the next three years. 1917 The United States declared war on Germany. Appoximately 250,000 Jewish soldiers (20% of whom were volunteers) served in the U.S. Army, roughy 5.7% while Jews only made up 3.25% of the general American population. 1917 The Jewish Welfare Board is created and serves the social and religious requirements of Jewish soldiers; expands after the war. 1917 355,000 people chose representatives for the first American Jewish Congress. 1917 Over 2,700 men volunteer for the new Jewish Legion of the British Army which fought in Transjordan, among other places. 1917 Vladamir Ilyich Lenin and Leon Trotsky ousted Kerensky and took over the Russian government. 1917 Surrender of Ottoman forces in Jerusalem to Allied Forces under General Sir Edmund Allenby. 1917 British forces land on the beaches of Gaza during WW1.
Unrest & Realignment in the Middle East
(1914-1918 CE)
1916 Sykes-Picot Agreement divides Middle East into spheres of British and French influence. 1916 Start of Arab revolt against Ottoman Turkish rule. 1917 British capture Baghdad. 1917 Jewish Telegraphic Agency is founded. 1917 Four-hundred years of Ottoman rule ended by British conquest. 1917 The Balfour Declaration favors Jewish Palestinian State. 1917 As WWI comes closer to Tel-Aviv and Jaffa, the Turkish Governer of Jaffa orders all Jews to leave Tel-Aviv and Jaffa. 1917 Jews granted full rights in Russia. 1917 Russian Revolution breaks out, heavy fighting in the South and West, where over 3 million Jews live. Over 2000 pogroms took place, claiming the lives of up to 200,000 Jews in the next three years. 1917 The United States declared war on Germany. Appoximately 250,000 Jewish soldiers (20% of whom were volunteers) served in the U.S. Army, roughy 5.7% while Jews only made up 3.25% of the general American population. 1917 The Jewish Welfare Board is created and serves the social and religious requirements of Jewish soldiers; expands after the war. 1917 355,000 people chose representatives for the first American Jewish Congress. 1917 Over 2,700 men volunteer for the new Jewish Legion of the British Army which fought in Transjordan, among other places. 1917 Vladamir Ilyich Lenin and Leon Trotsky ousted Kerensky and took over the Russian government. 1917 British General Allenby captured Jerusalem from the Turks, ending Ottoman rule. 1918 Damascus taken by T.E. Lawrence and Arabs.
British Rule in Palestine
(1918-1947 CE)
.. ..... .
1918 1918 1918 Nov. 1918 1918 Jan. 5, 1919 1919 1919 1919 1919-1923 1919 1919 delegation at Versailles Peace Conference. 1919-1923 1919 1919-1943 1919 1920 1920 1920 1920 1920 1920 1920 1920 Feb. 24, 1920 April 1, 1920 1920 1920 1921 1921 1921 1921 1921 1921 1921 July 29, 1921 1921 1921 1921 1921-1944 1922 1922 1922 1922 movement. 1922 1922 1922 1922 1922 1922 1922 1922 1922 June 24, 1922 September 8, 1922 Jan.1923 March 1923 1923 1923 1923 1923 Nov. 8-11, 1923 1923 1924-1932 1924 1924 May 11, 1924 May 14, 1924 1924 July 1924 1925-1979 1925 1925 1925 1925 March 24, 1925 April 26, 1925 1926 October 6, 1927 1928 1928 1928 October 8, 1928 1929 1929 1929-1945 1929-1939 1930 1930 1930 1931 1930 1931 1932 1932 1932 1932 Herbert Lehman was elected New York's first Jewish governor; from that time on, Jews formed a pact with the Democratic Party. 1932 1932 1932 1933 1933 1933 1933 1933 1933 1933 1933 1934 1934 1935 1935 1935 1935 1935 1936-1939 1936 1936 Texaco buys 50% interest in California Arabian Standard Oil Co.'s concession. 1936 1936 1936 1936 1936 October 4, 1936 1937 1937 1937 1937 1937 1937 1938 Dammam Well No. 7 discovers commercial quantities of oil. Barge exports to Bahrain. 1938 Oil discovered in Kuwait. Nov. 9, 1938 1938 1938 Sept. 29, 1938 1938 1938 1938 1939 First tanker-load of oil is exported aboard D.G. Scofield. 1939 1939 1939 1939 October 14, 1939 1940 1940 1940 1940 September 24, 1940 1941 1941 May 15, 1941 September 29, 1941 1942 1942 1942 1943 1943 1943 1943 1943 November 18, 1943 The chief of the BBC orders his employees to downplay the attrocities of the Holocaust, warning them not to broadcast or publish anything that might try to “correct” anti-Semiticsentimen ts throughout Europe. 1944 CASOC renamed Arabian American Oil Co.(Aramco). 1944 1944 1944 November 1, 1944 1939/1942-1945 1945 1945 1945 1945 1945 1945 March 22, 1945 November 3, 1945 January 19, 1946 January 20, 1946 April 25, 1946 June 24, 1946 June 27, 1946 June 29, 1946 July 1, 1946 July 3, 1946 July 4, 1946 July 22, 1946 July 24, 1946 July 28, 1946 July 29, 1946 July 30, 1946 July 31, 1946 August 2, 1946 August 12, 1946 August 12, 1946 August 13, 1946 August 26, 1946 August 29, 1946 August 30, 1946 Sept. 8, 1946 Sept. 9, 1946 Sept. 10, 1946 Sept. 14, 1946 Sept. 15, 1946 October 2, 1946 October 6, 1946 October 8, 1946 October 31, 1946 November 3, 1946 November 5, 1946 November 7, 1946 November 9-13, 1946 Nov. 14, 1946 Nov. 18, 1946 Nov. 20, 1946 Dec. 2-5, 1946 Dec. 3, 1946 Dec. 26, 1946 1947 January 1, 1947 January 2, 1947 January 4, 1947 January 5, 1947 January 8, 1947 January 12, 1947 January 14, 1947 January 22, 1947 January 22, 1947 January 27, 1947 January 29, 1947 January 29, 1947 January 31, 1947 February 3, 1947 February 4, 1947 February 5, 1947 February 9, 1947 February 14, 1947 February 15, 1947 March 9, 1947 March 10, 1947 March 12, 1947 March 12, 1947 March 13, 1947 March 14, 1947 March 17, 1947 March 17, 1947 March 18, 1947 March 22, 1947 March 28, 1947 March 29, 1947 March 30, 1947 March 31, 1947 April 2, 1947 April 3, 1947 April 3, 1947 April 7, 1947 April 8, 1947 April 10, 1947 April 11, 1947 April 13, 1947 April 14, 1947 April 16, 1947 April 17, 1947 April 18, 1947 April 20, 1947 April 21, 1947 April 22, 1947 April 23, 1947 April 23, 1947 April 25, 1947 April 26, 1947 May 4, 1947 May 4, 1947 May 8, 1947 May 12, 1947 May 12, 1947 May 15, 1947 May 16, 1947 May 17, 1947 May 19, 1947 May 22, 1947 May 23, 1947 May 28, 1947 May 28, 1947 May 31, 1947 June 4, 1947 June 5, 1947 June 6, 1947 June 18, 1947 June 28, 1947 June 29, 1947 June 30, 1947 July 2, 1947 July 12, 1947 July 14, 1947 July 17, 1947 July 18, 1947 July 19, 1947 July 19, 1947 July 21, 1947 July 23, 1947 July 26, 1947 July 27, 1947 July 28, 1947 July 29, 1947 July 29, 1947 July 30, 1947 July 31, 1947 August 1, 1947 August 2, 1947 August 3, 1947 August 4, 1947 August 5, 1947 August 15, 1947 August 16, 1947 August 18, 1947 Sept. 9, 1947 Sept. 10, 1947 Sept. 11, 1947 October 13, 1947 Nov. 14, 1947 Nov. 16, 1947 Nov. 17, 1947 Nov. 22, 1947 Dec. 1, 1947 Dec. 2, 1947 Dec. 3, 1947 Dec. 5, 1947 Dec. 13, 1947 Dec. 14, 1947 Dec. 17, 1947 Dec. 18, 1947 Dec. 19, 1947 Dec. 20, 1947 Dec. 25, 1947 Dec. 26, 1947 Dec. 29, 1947 Dec. 30, 1947 1947 1947 1947 1947 1947 Construction begins on Tapline for Saudi oil. January 4, 1948 January 5, 1948 January 7, 1948 January 12, 1948 January 13, 1948 Jan. 14-15, 1948 January 25, 1948 1948 Standard Oil of New Jersey and Socony-Vacuum (both now ExxonMobil) buy interest in Aramco; company headquarters moved from San Francisco to New York.
Modern Israel & the Diaspora
(1948-Present)
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